Xenopus Quiz (Version 2004A)        Be sure to answer all questions!

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There is only one answer possible per question. 

1. True    False    Frogs and toads are most commonly used for anatomy, reproduction and hormone studies.
2. True    False    Amphibian development follows the well known "frog-spawn-tadpole-froglet" transition in which eggs are laid in water and pass through an aquatic, larval stage before they metamorphose into adults.
3. True    False    Amphibian physiology is temperature dependent.
4. True    False    Amphibian skin is dry and scaly due to an absence of a mucous layer and does not contain chromatospores.
5. True    False    The heart is 4 chambered with a diaphragm present much like humans.
6. True    False    Xenopus have adapted respiratory structures for aquatic larval stages (gills) or for aquatic adult stages (lungs).
7. True    False    Unfortunately, Xenopus cannot readily regenerate lost limbs.
8. True    False    Blood collection is via the clipping of toe web or cardiac puncture.
9. True    False    The order Anura consists of tailless amphibians (only adult stages have tails).
10. True    False    Anurans do not drink, they absorb water through a highly permeable, specialized area of skin in the pelvic region.
11. True    False    Anuran skin needs to be kept moist for carbon dioxide and water exchange. The skin is largely responsible for respiration via its outer surface.
12. True    False    Because frogs lack ribs, air must be pumped into the lungs by the suprahyoid muscles (in the floor of the mouth).
13. True    False    Xenopus are an exception to most anurans with the tongue completely attached to the floor of the mouth instead of being attached at the front of the mouth and folded back.
14. True    False    Xenopus laevis, the African Clawed Frog, gets its common name comes from the presence of small, black curved claws on the inner three toes of the hind feet.
15. True    False    Xenopus tadpoles are quite large compared to other species, and may need to be separated and re-accommodated several times before they metamorphose.
16. True    False    A significant population of escaped Xenopus exists in Arizona and California so these animals can be released into local ponds or rivers.
17. True    False    Xenopus can leave the University of Arizona research labs without a license or permit and can be taken home as pets.
18. True    False    Any research project using animals covered under State or Federal regulations may not proceed unless the investigator obtains valid permits for collection, purchasing, transporting and holding of these animals.
19. True    False    All animal orders must be placed through UAC and depend upon having an approved protocol, appropriate housing and animals being available from the vendor.
20. True    False    Amphibians are ectotherms and can raise their body temperature by producing metabolic heat with no need to rely on external heat sources.
21. True    False    Xenopus are easily housed in a pan with 4-5 inches of chlorine and chloramine free water.
22. True    False    Xenopus are sensitive to temperature changes within the room as well as the temperature changes of water.
23. True    False   Personnel changing the water or handling animals are not required to wear gloves.
24. True    False    It is necessary to let the tap water sit for at least 24 hours to allow dissolved gases and some chlorine to dissipate before the water is used.
25. True    False    Frogs will stand on their hind legs, protrude their heads from the water and may even chirp, particularly in the evenings. Ideally the water depth should allow this "serenade" behavior.
26. True    False    Female Xenopus laevis are much larger in body size than adult males of the same age. Females have much larger ventral flaps, called anal papillae, located immediately above their cloacas.
27. True    False    Adult Xenopus laevis are carnivorous and eat submerged in water.
28. True    False    For years, labs have fed solely minced beef liver or beef heart and the university continues to do so.
29. True    False   Tadpoles have a low calcium requirement and are unable to absorb calcium through their gills and skin.
30. True    False    Ideally cages should be changed daily!
31. True    False    Most amphibians are susceptible to intoxication by phenol and cresol type disinfectants resulting symptoms may include convulsions, flaccid paralysis and death.
32. True    False    It is important to remember not to touch your own mucous membranes after handling frogs. Secretions from the parotid glands rubbed into the conjunctival sac of the human eye can range from irritating to very painful.
33. True    False    The most common method to identify Xenopus is cagecards and documented skin patterns (via drawings or photographs).
34. True    False    Frogs need not be kept moist if restrained for any length of time.
35. True    False    Shipment containers should provide appropriate temperature, space, oxygen, separation and clean water.
36. True    False    Amphibians are not dependent on water for reproduction.
37. True    False    In captivity, frogs can be bred by manipulating their environment to simulate breeding conditions.
38. True    False    Inappropriate hormone administration for breeding in captivity has no adverse effects in amphibians.
39. True    False    During egg development, the water must be chlorine/chloramine free and within a range of 3.5-4.5 pH.
40. True    False    Rapid hibernation, or hibernation out of season, or hibernation of the wrong species at the wrong temperature will cause shock and death.
41. True    False    Intravenous injections are normally given to frogs via the thigh muscles.
42. True    False    Blood collection in amphibians is often difficult because of low body weight and poor access to vessels. Unfortunately, it may be necessary to euthanize animals in order to maximize sample volume.
43. True    False    Chemical restraint is not required for prolonged or invasive procedures.
44. True    False    Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) is the most useful anesthetic for amphibians and can be administered in a bath or by injection.
45. True    False    Euthanasia means "humane and easy death" and is most easily accomplished with an anesthetic overdose of MS-222 by immersion.
46. True    False    An accurate diagnosis requires a knowledge of the species, its normal appearance, and its length of time in captivity.
47. True    False    Bacterial infections are the principal cause of death in laboratory anurans.
48. True    False    "Red leg" is the common name for a bacterial septicemia that causes minimal morbidity and mortality in frogs.
49. True    False    Gas bubble disease is seen in aquatic frogs when the water is undersaturated with air.
50. True    False    As a general rule, dose rates for small mammals should be applied for warm, temperate and tropical species and aquatic species. Reptilian dose rates should be used for low temperatures and for poorly hydrated animals.

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